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To my beloved family, relatives and friends. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My dissertation would not have been possible without the support of so many people in my life. It was a long and winding road to my dissertation defense, and now it is time to express my gratitude to those who helped me so much along the way. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the support of Prof. Calton Pu, who was a patient teacher and understanding advisor. I want to thank each member of my dissertation committee for their help and invaluable advices, namely Prof.An Cho. De is a valuable colleague to work with, who helped me so much in the beginning of my research career. are great lab mates. Most importantly, I am in forever debt to my wife and son for your love, courage and sacrifice. You have supported me through the ups and downs in this journey and I will always remember that. No words can describe my gratitude and love to you. I am forever grateful to my parents who gave me the gift of life, always believed in me and supported us through this journey. I am so much grateful to my second parents for your love and support. I also thank each member of my big family-your belief in and love for me is what kept me going. Finally, I want to thank all of my friends who helped us, including Kanybek and Munara Nur-tegin,